gspread

gspread is a Python API for Google Sheets.

Features:

  • Google Sheets API v4.
  • Open a spreadsheet by title, key or url.
  • Read, write, and format cell ranges.
  • Sharing and access control.
  • Batching updates.

Installation

pip install gspread

Requirements: Python 2.7+ or Python 3+.

Quick Example

import gspread

gc = gspread.service_account()

# Open a sheet from a spreadsheet in one go
wks = gc.open("Where is the money Lebowski?").sheet1

# Update a range of cells using the top left corner address
wks.update('A1', [[1, 2], [3, 4]])

# Or update a single cell
wks.update('B42', "it's down there somewhere, let me take another look.")

# Format the header
wks.format('A1:B1', {'textFormat': {'bold': True}})

Getting Started

Authentication

To access spreadsheets via Google Sheets API you need to authenticate and authorize your application.

  • If you plan to access spreadsheets on behalf of a bot account use Service Account.
  • If you’d like to access spreadsheets on behalf of end users (including yourself) use OAuth Client ID.

Enable API Access for a Project

  1. Head to Google Developers Console and create a new project (or select the one you already have).
  2. In the box labeled “Search for APIs and Services”, search for “Google Drive API” and enable it.
  3. In the box labeled “Search for APIs and Services”, search for “Google Sheets API” and enable it.

For Bots: Using Service Account

A service account is a special type of Google account intended to represent a non-human user that needs to authenticate and be authorized to access data in Google APIs [sic].

Since it’s a separate account, by default it does not have access to any spreadsheet until you share it with this account. Just like any other Google account.

Here’s how to get one:

  1. Enable API Access for a Project if you haven’t done it yet.
  2. Go to “APIs & Services > Credentials” and choose “Create credentials > Service account key”.
  3. Fill out the form
  4. Click “Create” and “Done”.
  5. Press “Manage service accounts” above Service Accounts.
  6. Press on ⋮ near recenlty created service account and select “Create key”.
  7. Select JSON key type and press “Create”.

You will automatically download a JSON file with credentials. It may look like this:

{
    "type": "service_account",
    "project_id": "api-project-XXX",
    "private_key_id": "2cd … ba4",
    "private_key": "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nNrDyLw … jINQh/9\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----\n",
    "client_email": "473000000000-yoursisdifferent@developer.gserviceaccount.com",
    "client_id": "473 … hd.apps.googleusercontent.com",
    ...
}

Remember the path to the downloaded credentials file. Also, in the next step you’ll need the value of client_email from this file.

  1. Very important! Go to your spreadsheet and share it with a client_email from the step above. Just like you do with any other Google account. If you don’t do this, you’ll get a gspread.exceptions.SpreadsheetNotFound exception when trying to access this spreadsheet from your application or a script.
  2. Move the downloaded file to ~/.config/gspread/service_account.json. Windows users should put this file to %APPDATA%\gspread\service_account.json.
  3. Create a new Python file with this code:
import gspread

gc = gspread.service_account()

sh = gc.open("Example spreadsheet")

print(sh.sheet1.get('A1'))

Ta-da!

Note

If you want to store the credentials file somewhere else, specify the path to service_account.json in service_account():

gc = gspread.service_account(filename='path/to/the/downloaded/file.json')

Make sure you store the credentials file in a safe place.

For the curious, under the hood service_account() loads your credentials and authorizes gspread. Similarly to the code that has been used for authentication prio to the gspread version 3.6:

from google.oauth2.service_account import Credentials

scopes = [
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets',
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive'
]

credentials = Credentials.from_service_account_file(
    'path/to/the/downloaded/file.json',
    scopes=scopes
)

gc = gspread.authorize(credentials)

Note

Older versions of gspread have used oauth2client. Google has deprecated it in favor of google-auth. If you’re still using oauth2client credentials, the library will convert these to google-auth for you, but you can change your code to use the new credentials to make sure nothing breaks in the future.

For End Users: Using OAuth Client ID

This is the case where your application or a script is accessing spreadsheets on behalf of an end user. When you use this scenario, your application or a script will ask the end user (or yourself if you’re running it) to grant access to the user’s data.

  1. Enable API Access for a Project if you haven’t done it yet.
  2. Go to “APIs & Services > OAuth Consent Screen.” Click the button for “Configure Consent Screen” and follow the directions to give your app a name; you don’t need to fill out anything else on that screen. Click Save.
  3. Go to “APIs & Services > Credentials”
  4. Click “+ Create credentials” at the top, then select “OAuth client ID”.
  5. Select “Desktop app”, name the credentials and click “Create”. Click “Ok” in the “OAuth client created” popup.
  6. Download the credentials by clicking the Download JSON button in “OAuth 2.0 Client IDs” section.
  7. Move the downloaded file to ~/.config/gspread/credentials.json. Windows users should put this file to %APPDATA%\gspread\credentials.json.

Create a new Python file with this code:

import gspread

gc = gspread.oauth()

sh = gc.open("Example spreadsheet")

print(sh.sheet1.get('A1'))

When you run this code, it launches a browser asking you for authentication. Follow the instruction on the web page. Once finished, gspread stores authorized credentials in the config directory next to credentials.json. You only need to do authorization in the browser once, following runs will reuse stored credentials.

Attention

Security Credentials file and authorized credentials contain sensitive data. Do not share these files with others and treat them like private keys.

If you are concerned about giving the application access to your spreadsheets and Drive, use Service Accounts.

Note

The user interface of Google Developers Console may be different when you’re reading this. If you find that this document is out of sync with the actual UI please fix this. Improvements to the documentation are always welcome. Click Edit on GitHub in the top right corner of the page, make it better and submit a PR.

Usage

Examples of gspread Usage

If you haven’t yet authorized your app, read Authentication first.

Opening a Spreadsheet

You can open a spreadsheet by its title as it appears in Google Docs:

sh = gc.open('My poor gym results')

If you want to be specific, use a key (which can be extracted from the spreadsheet’s url):

sht1 = gc.open_by_key('0BmgG6nO_6dprdS1MN3d3MkdPa142WFRrdnRRUWl1UFE')

Or, if you feel really lazy to extract that key, paste the entire spreadsheet’s url

sht2 = gc.open_by_url('https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Bm...FE&hl')

Creating a Spreadsheet

Use create() to create a new blank spreadsheet:

sh = gc.create('A new spreadsheet')

Note

If you’re using a service account, this new spreadsheet will be visible only to this account. To be able to access newly created spreadsheet from Google Sheets with your own Google account you must share it with your email. See how to share a spreadsheet in the section below.

Sharing a Spreadsheet

If your email is otto@example.com you can share the newly created spreadsheet with yourself:

sh.share('otto@example.com', perm_type='user', role='writer')

See share() documentation for a full list of accepted parameters.

Selecting a Worksheet

Select worksheet by index. Worksheet indexes start from zero:

worksheet = sh.get_worksheet(0)

Or by title:

worksheet = sh.worksheet("January")

Or the most common case: Sheet1:

worksheet = sh.sheet1

To get a list of all worksheets:

worksheet_list = sh.worksheets()

Creating a Worksheet

worksheet = sh.add_worksheet(title="A worksheet", rows="100", cols="20")

Deleting a Worksheet

sh.del_worksheet(worksheet)

Getting a Cell Value

Using A1 notation:

val = worksheet.acell('B1').value

Or row and column coordinates:

val = worksheet.cell(1, 2).value

If you want to get a cell formula:

cell = worksheet.acell('B1', value_render_option='FORMULA').value

# or

cell = worksheet.cell(1, 2, value_render_option='FORMULA').value

Getting All Values From a Row or a Column

Get all values from the first row:

values_list = worksheet.row_values(1)

Get all values from the first column:

values_list = worksheet.col_values(1)

Note

So far we’ve been fetching a limited amount of data from a sheet. This works great until you need to get values from hundreds of cells or iterating over many rows or columns.

Under the hood, gspread uses Google Sheets API v4. Most of the time when you call a gspread method to fetch or update a sheet gspread produces one HTTP API call.

HTTP calls have performance costs. So if you find your app fetching values one by one in a loop or iterating over rows or columns you can improve the performance of the app by fetching data in one go.

What’s more, Sheets API v4 introduced Usage Limits (as of this writing, 500 requests per 100 seconds per project, and 100 requests per 100 seconds per user). When your application hits that limit, you get an APIError 429 RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED.

Here are the methods that may help you to reduce API calls:

  • get_all_values() fetches values from all of the cells of the sheet.
  • get() fetches all values from a range of cells.
  • batch_get() can fetch values from multiple ranges of cells with one API call.
  • update() lets you update a range of cells with a list of lists.
  • batch_update() lets you update multiple ranges of cells with one API call.

Getting All Values From a Worksheet as a List of Lists

list_of_lists = worksheet.get_all_values()

Getting All Values From a Worksheet as a List of Dictionaries

list_of_dicts = worksheet.get_all_records()

Finding a Cell

Find a cell matching a string:

cell = worksheet.find("Dough")

print("Found something at R%sC%s" % (cell.row, cell.col))

Find a cell matching a regular expression

amount_re = re.compile(r'(Big|Enormous) dough')
cell = worksheet.find(amount_re)

Finding All Matched Cells

Find all cells matching a string:

cell_list = worksheet.findall("Rug store")

Find all cells matching a regexp:

criteria_re = re.compile(r'(Small|Room-tiering) rug')
cell_list = worksheet.findall(criteria_re)

Cell Object

Each cell has a value and coordinates properties:

value = cell.value
row_number = cell.row
column_number = cell.col

Updating Cells

Using A1 notation:

worksheet.update('B1', 'Bingo!')

Or row and column coordinates:

worksheet.update_cell(1, 2, 'Bingo!')

Update a range

worksheet.update('A1:B2', [[1, 2], [3, 4]])

Formatting

Here’s an example of basic formatting.

Set A1:B1 text format to bold:

worksheet.format('A1:B1', {'textFormat': {'bold': True}})

Color the background of A2:B2 cell range in black, change horizontal alignment, text color and font size:

worksheet.format("A2:B2", {
    "backgroundColor": {
      "red": 0.0,
      "green": 0.0,
      "blue": 0.0
    },
    "horizontalAlignment": "CENTER",
    "textFormat": {
      "foregroundColor": {
        "red": 1.0,
        "green": 1.0,
        "blue": 1.0
      },
      "fontSize": 12,
      "bold": True
    }
})

The second argument to format() is a dictionary containing the fields to update. A full specification of format options is available at CellFormat in Sheet API Reference.

Tip

gspread-formatting offers extensive functionality to help you when you go beyond basics.

Using gspread with pandas

pandas is a popular library for data analysis. The simplest way to get data from a sheet to a pandas DataFrame is with get_all_records():

import pandas as pd

dataframe = pd.DataFrame(worksheet.get_all_records())

Here’s a basic example for writing a dataframe to a sheet. With update() we put the header of a dataframe into the first row of a sheet followed by the values of a dataframe:

import pandas as pd

worksheet.update([dataframe.columns.values.tolist()] + dataframe.values.tolist())

For advanced pandas use cases check out these libraries:

Using gspread with NumPy

NumPy is a library for scientific computing in Python. It provides tools for working with high performance multi-dimensional arrays.

Read contents of a sheet into a NumPy array:

import numpy as np
array = np.array(worksheet.get_all_values())

The code above assumes that your data starts from the first row of the sheet. If you have a header row in the first row, you need replace worksheet.get_all_values() with worksheet.get_all_values()[1:].

Write a NumPy array to a sheet:

import numpy as np

array = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

# Write the array to worksheet starting from the A2 cell
worksheet.update('A2', array.tolist())

Advanced

Advanced Usage

Custom Authentication

Google Colaboratory

If you familiar with the Jupyter Notebook, Google Colaboratory is probably the easiest way to get started using gspread:

from google.colab import auth
auth.authenticate_user()

import gspread
from oauth2client.client import GoogleCredentials

gc = gspread.authorize(GoogleCredentials.get_application_default())

See the full example in the External data: Local Files, Drive, Sheets, and Cloud Storage notebook.

Using Authlib

Using Authlib instead of google-auth. Similar to google.auth.transport.requests.AuthorizedSession Authlib’s AssertionSession can automatically refresh tokens.:

import json
from gspread import Client
from authlib.integrations.requests_client import AssertionSession

def create_assertion_session(conf_file, scopes, subject=None):
    with open(conf_file, 'r') as f:
        conf = json.load(f)

    token_url = conf['token_uri']
    issuer = conf['client_email']
    key = conf['private_key']
    key_id = conf.get('private_key_id')

    header = {'alg': 'RS256'}
    if key_id:
        header['kid'] = key_id

    # Google puts scope in payload
    claims = {'scope': ' '.join(scopes)}
    return AssertionSession(
        grant_type=AssertionSession.JWT_BEARER_GRANT_TYPE,
        token_url=token_url,
        issuer=issuer,
        audience=token_url,
        claims=claims,
        subject=subject,
        key=key,
        header=header,
    )

scopes = [
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets',
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive',
]
session = create_assertion_session('your-google-conf.json', scopes)
gc = Client(None, session)

wks = gc.open("Where is the money Lebowski?").sheet1

wks.update_acell('B2', "it's down there somewhere, let me take another look.")

# Fetch a cell range
cell_list = wks.range('A1:B7')

API Documentation

API Reference

Top level

gspread.oauth(scopes=['https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets', 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive'], flow=<function local_server_flow>)

Authenticate with OAuth Client ID.

By default this function will use the local server strategy and open the authorization URL in the user’s browser:

gc = gspread.oauth()

Another option is to run a console strategy. This way, the user is instructed to open the authorization URL in their browser. Once the authorization is complete, the user must then copy & paste the authorization code into the application:

gc = gspread.oauth(flow=gspread.auth.console_flow)

scopes parameter defaults to read/write scope available in gspread.auth.DEFAULT_SCOPES. It’s read/write for Sheets and Drive API:

DEFAULT_SCOPES =[
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets',
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive'
]

You can also use gspread.auth.READONLY_SCOPES for read only access. Obviously any method of gspread that updates a spreadsheet will not work in this case:

gc = gspread.oauth(scopes=gspread.auth.READONLY_SCOPES)

sh = gc.open("A spreadsheet")
sh.sheet1.update('A1', '42')   # <-- this will not work
Parameters:
  • scopes (list) – The scopes used to obtain authorization.
  • flow (function) – OAuth flow to use for authentication. Defaults to local_server_flow()
Return type:

gspread.Client
gspread.service_account(filename='/home/docs/.config/gspread/service_account.json', scopes=['https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets', 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive'])

Authenticate using a service account.

scopes parameter defaults to read/write scope available in gspread.auth.DEFAULT_SCOPES. It’s read/write for Sheets and Drive API:

DEFAULT_SCOPES =[
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets',
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive'
]

You can also use gspread.auth.READONLY_SCOPES for read only access. Obviously any method of gspread that updates a spreadsheet will not work in this case.

Parameters:
  • filename (str) – The path to the service account json file.
  • scopes (list) – The scopes used to obtain authorization.
Return type:

gspread.Client
gspread.authorize(credentials, client_class=<class 'gspread.client.Client'>)

Login to Google API using OAuth2 credentials. This is a shortcut function which instantiates client_class. By default gspread.Client is used.

Returns:client_class instance.

Client

class gspread.Client(auth, session=None)

An instance of this class communicates with Google API.

Parameters: 
>>> c = gspread.Client(auth=OAuthCredentialObject)
copy(file_id, title=None, copy_permissions=False)

Copies a spreadsheet.

Parameters:
  • file_id (str) – A key of a spreadsheet to copy.
  • title (str) – (optional) A title for the new spreadsheet.
  • copy_permissions (bool) – (optional) If True, copy permissions from the original spreadsheet to the new spreadsheet.
Returns:

a Spreadsheet instance.

New in version 3.1.0.

Note

If you’re using custom credentials without the Drive scope, you need to add https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive to your OAuth scope in order to use this method.

Example:

scope = [
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets',
    'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive'
]

Otherwise, you will get an Insufficient Permission error when you try to copy a spreadsheet.

create(title, folder_id=None)

Creates a new spreadsheet.

Parameters:
  • title (str) – A title of a new spreadsheet.
  • folder_id (str) – Id of the folder where we want to save the spreadsheet.
Returns:

a Spreadsheet instance.
del_spreadsheet(file_id)

Deletes a spreadsheet.

Parameters:file_id (str) – a spreadsheet ID (a.k.a file ID).
import_csv(file_id, data)

Imports data into the first page of the spreadsheet.

Parameters:data (str) – A CSV string of data.

Example:

# Read CSV file contents
content = open('file_to_import.csv', 'r').read()

gc.import_csv(spreadsheet.id, content)

Note

This method removes all other worksheets and then entirely replaces the contents of the first worksheet.

insert_permission(file_id, value, perm_type, role, notify=True, email_message=None, with_link=False)

Creates a new permission for a file.

Parameters:
  • file_id (str) – a spreadsheet ID (aka file ID).
  • value (str, None) – user or group e-mail address, domain name or None for ‘default’ type.
  • perm_type (str) – (optional) The account type. Allowed values are: user, group, domain, anyone
  • role (str) – (optional) The primary role for this user. Allowed values are: owner, writer, reader
  • notify (str) – (optional) Whether to send an email to the target user/domain.
  • email_message (str) – (optional) An email message to be sent if notify=True.
  • with_link (bool) – (optional) Whether the link is required for this permission to be active.

Examples:

# Give write permissions to otto@example.com

gc.insert_permission(
    '0BmgG6nO_6dprnRRUWl1UFE',
    'otto@example.org',
    perm_type='user',
    role='writer'
)

# Make the spreadsheet publicly readable

gc.insert_permission(
    '0BmgG6nO_6dprnRRUWl1UFE',
    None,
    perm_type='anyone',
    role='reader'
)
list_permissions(file_id)

Retrieve a list of permissions for a file.

Parameters:file_id (str) – a spreadsheet ID (aka file ID).
open(title)

Opens a spreadsheet.

Parameters:title (str) – A title of a spreadsheet.
Returns:a Spreadsheet instance.

If there’s more than one spreadsheet with same title the first one will be opened.

Raises:gspread.SpreadsheetNotFound – if no spreadsheet with specified title is found. 
>>> gc.open('My fancy spreadsheet')
open_by_key(key)

Opens a spreadsheet specified by key (a.k.a Spreadsheet ID).

Parameters:key (str) – A key of a spreadsheet as it appears in a URL in a browser.
Returns:a Spreadsheet instance. 
>>> gc.open_by_key('0BmgG6nO_6dprdS1MN3d3MkdPa142WFRrdnRRUWl1UFE')
open_by_url(url)

Opens a spreadsheet specified by url.

Parameters:url (str) – URL of a spreadsheet as it appears in a browser.
Returns:a Spreadsheet instance.
Raises:gspread.SpreadsheetNotFound – if no spreadsheet with specified url is found. 
>>> gc.open_by_url('https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Bm...FE&hl')
openall(title=None)

Opens all available spreadsheets.

Parameters:title (str) – (optional) If specified can be used to filter spreadsheets by title.
Returns:a list of Spreadsheet instances.
remove_permission(file_id, permission_id)

Deletes a permission from a file.

Parameters:
  • file_id (str) – a spreadsheet ID (aka file ID.)
  • permission_id (str) – an ID for the permission.

Models

The models represent common spreadsheet entities: a spreadsheet, a worksheet and a cell.

Note

The classes described below should not be instantiated by the end-user. Their instances result from calling other objects’ methods.

class gspread.models.Spreadsheet(client, properties)

The class that represents a spreadsheet.

add_worksheet(title, rows, cols, index=None)

Adds a new worksheet to a spreadsheet.

Parameters:
  • title (str) – A title of a new worksheet.
  • rows (int) – Number of rows.
  • cols (int) – Number of columns.
  • index (int) – Position of the sheet.
Returns:

a newly created worksheets.
batch_update(body)

Lower-level method that directly calls spreadsheets.batchUpdate.

Parameters:body (dict) – Request body.
Returns:Response body.
Return type:dict

New in version 3.0.

del_worksheet(worksheet)

Deletes a worksheet from a spreadsheet.

Parameters:worksheet (Worksheet) – The worksheet to be deleted.
duplicate_sheet(source_sheet_id, insert_sheet_index=None, new_sheet_id=None, new_sheet_name=None)

Duplicates the contents of a sheet.

Parameters:
  • source_sheet_id (int) – The sheet ID to duplicate.
  • insert_sheet_index (int) – (optional) The zero-based index where the new sheet should be inserted. The index of all sheets after this are incremented.
  • new_sheet_id (int) – (optional) The ID of the new sheet. If not set, an ID is chosen. If set, the ID must not conflict with any existing sheet ID. If set, it must be non-negative.
  • new_sheet_name (str) – (optional) The name of the new sheet. If empty, a new name is chosen for you.
Returns:

a newly created <gspread.models.Worksheet>.

New in version 3.1.

get_worksheet(index)

Returns a worksheet with specified index.

Parameters:index (int) – An index of a worksheet. Indexes start from zero.
Returns:an instance of gspread.models.Worksheet or None if the worksheet is not found.

Example. To get first worksheet of a spreadsheet:

>>> sht = client.open('My fancy spreadsheet')
>>> worksheet = sht.get_worksheet(0):rtype: dict
id

Spreadsheet ID.

list_permissions()

Lists the spreadsheet’s permissions.

remove_permissions(value, role='any')

Remove permissions from a user or domain.

Parameters:
  • value (str) – User or domain to remove permissions from
  • role (str) – (optional) Permission to remove. Defaults to all permissions.

Example:

# Remove Otto's write permission for this spreadsheet
sh.remove_permissions('otto@example.com', role='writer')

# Remove all Otto's permissions for this spreadsheet
sh.remove_permissions('otto@example.com')
reorder_worksheets(worksheets_in_desired_order)

Updates the index property of each Worksheets to reflect its index in the provided sequence of Worksheets.

Parameters:worksheets_in_desired_order – Iterable of Worksheet objects in desired order.

Note: If you omit some of the Spreadsheet’s existing Worksheet objects from the provided sequence, those Worksheets will be appended to the end of the sequence in the order that they appear in the list returned by Spreadsheet.worksheets().

New in version 3.4.

share(value, perm_type, role, notify=True, email_message=None, with_link=False)

Share the spreadsheet with other accounts.

Parameters:
  • value (str, None) – user or group e-mail address, domain name or None for ‘default’ type.
  • perm_type (str) – The account type. Allowed values are: user, group, domain, anyone.
  • role (str) – The primary role for this user. Allowed values are: owner, writer, reader.
  • notify (str) – (optional) Whether to send an email to the target user/domain.
  • email_message (str) – (optional) The email to be sent if notify=True
  • with_link (bool) – (optional) Whether the link is required for this permission

Example:

# Give Otto a write permission on this spreadsheet
sh.share('otto@example.com', perm_type='user', role='writer')

# Transfer ownership to Otto
sh.share('otto@example.com', perm_type='user', role='owner')
sheet1

Shortcut property for getting the first worksheet.

title

Spreadsheet title.

updated

Deprecated since version 2.0.

This feature is not supported in Sheets API v4.

url

Spreadsheet URL.

values_append(range, params, body)

Lower-level method that directly calls spreadsheets.values.append.

Parameters:
Returns:

Response body.
Return type:

dict

New in version 3.0.

values_batch_get(ranges, params=None)

Lower-level method that directly calls spreadsheets.values.batchGet.

Parameters:
Returns:

Response body.
Return type:

dict
values_clear(range)

Lower-level method that directly calls spreadsheets.values.clear.

Parameters:range (str) –

The A1 notation of the values to clear.
Returns:Response body.
Return type:dict

New in version 3.0.

values_get(range, params=None)

Lower-level method that directly calls spreadsheets.values.get.

Parameters:
Returns:

Response body.
Return type:

dict

New in version 3.0.

values_update(range, params=None, body=None)

Lower-level method that directly calls spreadsheets.values.update.

Parameters:
Returns:

Response body.
Return type:

dict

Example:

sh.values_update(
    'Sheet1!A2',
    params={
        'valueInputOption': 'USER_ENTERED'
    },
    body={
        'values': [[1, 2, 3]]
    }
)

New in version 3.0.

worksheet(title)

Returns a worksheet with specified title.

Parameters:title (str) – A title of a worksheet. If there’re multiple worksheets with the same title, first one will be returned.
Returns:an instance of gspread.models.Worksheet.

Example. Getting worksheet named ‘Annual bonuses’

>>> sht = client.open('Sample one')
>>> worksheet = sht.worksheet('Annual bonuses')
worksheets()

Returns a list of all worksheets in a spreadsheet.

class gspread.models.Worksheet(spreadsheet, properties)

The class that represents a single sheet in a spreadsheet (aka “worksheet”).

acell(label, value_render_option='FORMATTED_VALUE')

Returns an instance of a gspread.models.Cell.

Parameters:
  • label (str) – Cell label in A1 notation Letter case is ignored.
  • value_render_option (str) – (optional) Determines how values should be rendered in the the output. See ValueRenderOption in the Sheets API.

Example:

>>> worksheet.acell('A1')
<Cell R1C1 "I'm cell A1">
add_cols(cols)

Adds colums to worksheet.

Parameters:cols (int) – Number of new columns to add.
add_protected_range(name, editor_users_emails=None, editor_groups_emails=None, description=None, warning_only=False, requesting_user_can_edit=False)

“Add protected range to the sheet. Only the editors can edit the protected range.

Parameters:name (str) – A string with range value in A1 notation, e.g. ‘A1:A5’.

Alternatively, you may specify numeric boundaries. All values index from 1 (one):

Parameters:
  • first_row (int) – First row number
  • first_col (int) – First column number
  • last_row (int) – Last row number
  • last_col (int) – Last column number
  • editor_users_emails (list) – (optional) The email addresses of users with edit access to the protected range.
  • editor_groups_emails (list) – (optional) The email addresses of groups with edit access to the protected range.
  • description (str) – (optional) Description for the protected ranges.
  • warning_only (boolean) – (optional) When true this protected range will show a warning when editing. Defaults to False.
  • requesting_user_can_edit (boolean) – (optional) True if the user who requested this protected range can edit the protected cells. Defaults to False.
add_rows(rows)

Adds rows to worksheet.

Parameters:rows (int) – Number of new rows to add.
append_row(values, value_input_option='RAW', insert_data_option=None, table_range=None)

Adds a row to the worksheet and populates it with values.

Widens the worksheet if there are more values than columns.

Parameters:
  • values (list) – List of values for the new row.
  • value_input_option (str) – (optional) Determines how the input data should be interpreted. See ValueInputOption in the Sheets API reference.
  • insert_data_option (str) – (optional) Determines how the input data should be inserted. See InsertDataOption in the Sheets API reference.
  • table_range (str) – (optional) The A1 notation of a range to search for a logical table of data. Values are appended after the last row of the table. Examples: A1 or B2:D4
append_rows(values, value_input_option='RAW', insert_data_option=None, table_range=None)

Adds multiple rows to the worksheet and populates them with values.

Widens the worksheet if there are more values than columns.

Parameters:
  • values (list) – List of rows each row is List of values for the new row.
  • value_input_option (str) – (optional) Determines how input data should be interpreted. Possible values are RAW or USER_ENTERED. See ValueInputOption in the Sheets API.
  • insert_data_option (str) – (optional) Determines how the input data should be inserted. See InsertDataOption in the Sheets API reference.
  • table_range (str) – (optional) The A1 notation of a range to search for a logical table of data. Values are appended after the last row of the table. Examples: A1 or B2:D4
batch_get(ranges, **kwargs)

Returns one or more ranges of values from the sheet.

Parameters:
  • ranges (list) – List of cell ranges in the A1 notation or named ranges.
  • major_dimension (str) – (optional) The major dimension that results should use. Either ROWS or COLUMNS.
  • value_render_option (str) – (optional) How values should be represented in the output. The default render option is FORMATTED_VALUE.
  • date_time_render_option (str) – (optional) How dates, times, and durations should be represented in the output. This is ignored if value_render_option is FORMATTED_VALUE. The default dateTime render option is SERIAL_NUMBER.

New in version 3.3.

Examples:

# Read values from 'A1:B2' range and 'F12' cell
worksheet.batch_get(['A1:B2', 'F12'])
batch_update(data, **kwargs)

Sets values in one or more cell ranges of the sheet at once.

Parameters:
  • data (list) – List of dictionaries in the form of {‘range’: ‘…’, ‘values’: [[.., ..], …]} where range is a target range to update in A1 notation or a named range, and values is a list of lists containing new values.
  • major_dimension (str) – (optional) The major dimension of the values. Either ROWS or COLUMNS.
  • value_input_option (str) –

    (optional) How the input data should be interpreted. Possible values are:

    RAW
    The values the user has entered will not be parsed and will be stored as-is.
    USER_ENTERED
    The values will be parsed as if the user typed them into the UI. Numbers will stay as numbers, but strings may be converted to numbers, dates, etc. following the same rules that are applied when entering text into a cell via the Google Sheets UI.

Examples:

worksheet.batch_update([{
    'range': 'A1:B1',
    'values': [['42', '43']],
}, {
    'range': 'my_range',
    'values': [['44', '45']],
}])

# Note: named ranges are defined in the scope of
# a spreadsheet, so even if `my_range` does not belong to
# this sheet it is still updated

New in version 3.3.

cell(row, col, value_render_option='FORMATTED_VALUE')

Returns an instance of a gspread.models.Cell located at row and col column.

Parameters:
  • row (int) – Row number.
  • col (int) – Column number.
  • value_render_option (str) – (optional) Determines how values should be rendered in the the output. See ValueRenderOption in the Sheets API.

Example:

>>> worksheet.cell(1, 1)
<Cell R1C1 "I'm cell A1">
clear()

Clears all cells in the worksheet.

clear_basic_filter()

Remove the basic filter from a worksheet.

New in version 3.4.

clear_note(cell)

Clear a note. The note is attached to a certain cell.

Param:str cell A string with a cell coordinates in A1 notation, e.g. ‘D7’.

Alternatively, you may specify numeric boundaries. All values index from 1 (one):

Parameters:
  • first_row (int) – First row number
  • first_col (int) – First column number
  • last_row (int) – Last row number
  • last_col (int) – Last column number
col_count

Number of columns.

col_values(col, value_render_option='FORMATTED_VALUE')

Returns a list of all values in column col.

Empty cells in this list will be rendered as None.

Parameters:
  • col (int) – Column number (one-based).
  • value_render_option (str) – (optional) Determines how values should be rendered in the the output. See ValueRenderOption in the Sheets API.
copy_to(spreadsheet_id)

Copies this sheet to another spreadsheet.

Parameters:spreadsheet_id (str) – The ID of the spreadsheet to copy the sheet to.
Returns:a dict with the response containing information about the newly created sheet.
Return type:dict
delete_columns(start_index, end_index=None)

Deletes multiple columns from the worksheet at the specified index.

Parameters:
  • start_index (int) – Index of a first column for deletion.
  • end_index (int) – Index of a last column for deletion. When end_index is not specified this method only deletes a single column at start_index.
delete_dimension(dimension, start_index, end_index=None)

Deletes multi rows from the worksheet at the specified index.

Parameters:
  • dimension (str) – A dimension to delete. ROWS or COLUMNS.
  • start_index (int) – Index of a first row for deletion.
  • end_index (int) – Index of a last row for deletion. When end_index is not specified this method only deletes a single row at start_index.
delete_row(index)

Deletes the row from the worksheet at the specified index.

Parameters:index (int) – Index of a row for deletion.
delete_rows(start_index, end_index=None)

Deletes multiple rows from the worksheet at the specified index.

Parameters:
  • start_index (int) – Index of a first row for deletion.
  • end_index (int) – Index of a last row for deletion. When end_index is not specified this method only deletes a single row at start_index.

Example:

# Delete rows 5 to 10 (inclusive)
worksheet.delete_rows(5, 10)

# Delete only the second row
worksheet.delete_rows(2)
duplicate(insert_sheet_index=None, new_sheet_id=None, new_sheet_name=None)

Duplicate the sheet.

Parameters:
  • insert_sheet_index (int) – (optional) The zero-based index where the new sheet should be inserted. The index of all sheets after this are incremented.
  • new_sheet_id (int) – (optional) The ID of the new sheet. If not set, an ID is chosen. If set, the ID must not conflict with any existing sheet ID. If set, it must be non-negative.
  • new_sheet_name (str) – (optional) The name of the new sheet. If empty, a new name is chosen for you.
Returns:

a newly created <gspread.models.Worksheet>.

New in version 3.1.

export(format)

Deprecated since version 2.0.

This feature is not supported in Sheets API v4.

find(query, in_row=None, in_column=None)

Finds the first cell matching the query.

Parameters:
  • query (str, re.RegexObject) – A literal string to match or compiled regular expression.
  • in_row (int) – (optional) One-based row number to scope the search.
  • in_column (int) – (optional) One-based column number to scope the search.
findall(query, in_row=None, in_column=None)

Finds all cells matching the query.

Parameters:
  • query (str, re.RegexObject) – A literal string to match or compiled regular expression.
  • in_row (int) – (optional) One-based row number to scope the search.
  • in_column (int) – (optional) One-based column number to scope the search.
format(range_name, cell_format)

Formats a cell or a group of cells.

Parameters:
  • range_name (str) – Target range in the A1 notation.
  • cell_format (dict) – Dictionary containing the fields to update. See CellFormat in the Sheets API for available fields.

Examples:

# Set 'A4' cell's text format to bold
worksheet.format("A4", {"textFormat": {"bold": True}})

# Color the background of 'A2:B2' cell range in black,
# change horizontal alignment, text color and font size
worksheet.format("A2:B2", {
    "backgroundColor": {
      "red": 0.0,
      "green": 0.0,
      "blue": 0.0
    },
    "horizontalAlignment": "CENTER",
    "textFormat": {
      "foregroundColor": {
        "red": 1.0,
        "green": 1.0,
        "blue": 1.0
      },
      "fontSize": 12,
      "bold": True
    }
})

New in version 3.3.

freeze(rows=None, cols=None)

Freeze rows and/or columns on the worksheet.

Parameters:
  • rows – Number of rows to freeze.
  • cols – Number of columns to freeze.
frozen_col_count

Number of frozen columns.

frozen_row_count

Number of frozen rows.

get(range_name=None, **kwargs)

Reads values of a single range or a cell of a sheet.

Parameters:
  • range_name (str) – (optional) Cell range in the A1 notation or a named range.
  • major_dimension (str) – (optional) The major dimension that results should use. Either ROWS or COLUMNS.
  • value_render_option (str) – (optional) How values should be represented in the output. The default render option is FORMATTED_VALUE.
  • date_time_render_option (str) – (optional) How dates, times, and durations should be represented in the output. This is ignored if value_render_option is FORMATTED_VALUE. The default dateTime render option is SERIAL_NUMBER.

Examples:

# Return all values from the sheet
worksheet.get()

# Return value of 'A1' cell
worksheet.get('A1')

# Return values of 'A1:B2' range
worksheet.get('A1:B2')

# Return values of 'my_range' named range
worksheet.get('my_range')

New in version 3.3.

get_all_records(empty2zero=False, head=1, default_blank='', allow_underscores_in_numeric_literals=False, numericise_ignore=None, value_render_option=None)

Returns a list of dictionaries, all of them having the contents of the spreadsheet with the head row as keys and each of these dictionaries holding the contents of subsequent rows of cells as values.

Cell values are numericised (strings that can be read as ints or floats are converted), unless specificed in numericise_ignore

Parameters:
  • empty2zero (bool) – (optional) Determines whether empty cells are converted to zeros.
  • head (int) – (optional) Determines which row to use as keys, starting from 1 following the numeration of the spreadsheet.
  • default_blank (str) – (optional) Determines which value to use for blank cells, defaults to empty string.
  • allow_underscores_in_numeric_literals (bool) – (optional) Allow underscores in numeric literals, as introduced in PEP 515
  • numericise_ignore (list) – (optional) List of ints of indices of the row (starting at 1) to ignore numericising, special use of [‘all’] to ignore numericising on all columns.
  • value_render_option (str) – (optional) Determines how values should be rendered in the the output. See ValueRenderOption in the Sheets API.
get_all_values(value_render_option='FORMATTED_VALUE')

Returns a list of lists containing all cells’ values as strings.

Parameters:value_render_option (str) – (optional) Determines how values should be rendered in the the output. See ValueRenderOption in the Sheets API.

Note

Empty trailing rows and columns will not be included.

id

Worksheet ID.

insert_cols(values, col=1, value_input_option='RAW')

Adds multiple new cols to the worksheet at specified index and populates them with values.

Parameters:
  • values (list) – List of col lists. a list of lists, with the lists each containing one col’s values. Increases the number of rows if there are more values than columns.
  • col (int) – Start col to update (one-based). Defaults to 1 (one).
  • value_input_option (str) – (optional) Determines how input data should be interpreted. Possible values are RAW or USER_ENTERED. See ValueInputOption in the Sheets API.
insert_note(cell, content)

Insert a note. The note is attached to a certain cell.

Param:str cell A string with a cell coordinates in A1 notation, e.g. ‘D7’.

Alternatively, you may specify numeric boundaries. All values index from 1 (one):

Parameters:
  • first_row (int) – First row number
  • first_col (int) – First column number
  • last_row (int) – Last row number
  • last_col (int) – Last column number
Param:

str note The text note to insert.
insert_row(values, index=1, value_input_option='RAW')

Adds a row to the worksheet at the specified index and populates it with values.

Widens the worksheet if there are more values than columns.

Parameters:
  • values (list) – List of values for the new row.
  • index (int) – (optional) Offset for the newly inserted row.
  • value_input_option (str) – (optional) Determines how input data should be interpreted. Possible values are RAW or USER_ENTERED. See ValueInputOption in the Sheets API.
insert_rows(values, row=1, value_input_option='RAW')

Adds multiple rows to the worksheet at the specified index and populates them with values.

Parameters:
  • values (list) – List of row lists. a list of lists, with the lists each containing one row’s values. Widens the worksheet if there are more values than columns.
  • row (int) – Start row to update (one-based). Defaults to 1 (one).
  • value_input_option (str) – (optional) Determines how input data should be interpreted. Possible values are RAW or USER_ENTERED. See ValueInputOption in the Sheets API.
merge_cells(name, merge_type='MERGE_ALL')

Merge cells. There are 3 merge types: MERGE_ALL, MERGE_COLUMNS, and MERGE_ROWS.

Parameters:
  • name (str) – Range name in A1 notation, e.g. ‘A1:A5’.
  • merge_type (str) – (optional) one of MERGE_ALL, MERGE_COLUMNS, or MERGE_ROWS. Defaults to MERGE_ROWS. See MergeType in the Sheets API reference.

Alternatively, you may specify numeric boundaries. All values index from 1 (one):

Parameters:
  • first_row (int) – First row number
  • first_col (int) – First column number
  • last_row (int) – Last row number
  • last_col (int) – Last column number
Returns:

the response body from the request
Return type:

dict
range(name)

Returns a list of Cell objects from a specified range.

Parameters:name (str) – A string with range value in A1 notation, e.g. ‘A1:A5’.

Alternatively, you may specify numeric boundaries. All values index from 1 (one):

Parameters:
  • first_row (int) – First row number
  • first_col (int) – First column number
  • last_row (int) – Last row number
  • last_col (int) – Last column number

Example:

>>> # Using A1 notation
>>> worksheet.range('A1:B7')
[<Cell R1C1 "42">, ...]

>>> # Same with numeric boundaries
>>> worksheet.range(1, 1, 7, 2)
[<Cell R1C1 "42">, ...]
resize(rows=None, cols=None)

Resizes the worksheet. Specify one of rows or cols.

Parameters:
  • rows (int) – (optional) New number of rows.
  • cols (int) – (optional) New number columns.
row_count

Number of rows.

row_values(row, **kwargs)

Returns a list of all values in a row.

Empty cells in this list will be rendered as None.

Parameters:
  • row (int) – Row number (one-based).
  • value_render_option (str) – (optional) Determines how values should be rendered in the the output. See ValueRenderOption in the Sheets API.
set_basic_filter(name=None)

Add a basic filter to the worksheet. If a range or bundaries are passed, the filter will be limited to the given range.

Parameters:name (str) – A string with range value in A1 notation, e.g. A1:A5.

Alternatively, you may specify numeric boundaries. All values index from 1 (one):

Parameters:
  • first_row (int) – First row number
  • first_col (int) – First column number
  • last_row (int) – Last row number
  • last_col (int) – Last column number

New in version 3.4.

sort(*specs, **kwargs)

Sorts worksheet using given sort orders.

Parameters:
  • specs (list) – The sort order per column. Each sort order represented by a tuple where the first element is a column index and the second element is the order itself: ‘asc’ or ‘des’.
  • range (str) – The range to sort in A1 notation. By default sorts the whole sheet excluding frozen rows.

Example:

# Sort sheet A -> Z by column 'B'
wks.sort((2, 'asc'))

# Sort range A2:G8 basing on column 'G' A -> Z
# and column 'B' Z -> A
wks.sort((7, 'asc'), (2, 'des'), range='A2:G8')

New in version 3.4.

title

Worksheet title.

update(range_name, values=None, **kwargs)

Sets values in a cell range of the sheet.

Parameters:
  • range_name (str) – (optional) The A1 notation of the values to update.
  • values (list) – The data to be written.
  • raw (bool) – The values will not be parsed by Sheets API and will be stored as-is. For example, formulas will be rendered as plain strings. Defaults to True. This is a shortcut for the value_input_option parameter.
  • major_dimension (str) – (optional) The major dimension of the values. Either ROWS or COLUMNS.
  • value_input_option (str) –

    (optional) How the input data should be interpreted. Possible values are:

    RAW
    The values the user has entered will not be parsed and will be stored as-is.
    USER_ENTERED
    The values will be parsed as if the user typed them into the UI. Numbers will stay as numbers, but strings may be converted to numbers, dates, etc. following the same rules that are applied when entering text into a cell via the Google Sheets UI.

Examples:

# Sets 'Hello world' in 'A2' cell
worksheet.update('A2', 'Hello world')

# Updates cells A1, B1, C1 with values 42, 43, 44 respectively
worksheet.update([42, 43, 44])

# Updates A2 and A3 with values 42 and 43
# Note that update range can be bigger than values array
worksheet.update('A2:B4', [[42], [43]])

# Add a formula
worksheet.update('A5', '=SUM(A1:A4)', raw=False)

# Update 'my_range' named range with values 42 and 43
worksheet.update('my_range', [[42], [43]])

# Note: named ranges are defined in the scope of
# a spreadsheet, so even if `my_range` does not belong to
# this sheet it is still updated

New in version 3.3.

update_acell(label, value)

Updates the value of a cell.

Parameters:
  • label (str) – Cell label in A1 notation.
  • value – New value.

Example:

worksheet.update_acell('A1', '42')
update_cell(row, col, value)

Updates the value of a cell.

Parameters:
  • row (int) – Row number.
  • col (int) – Column number.
  • value – New value.

Example:

worksheet.update_cell(1, 1, '42')
update_cells(cell_list, value_input_option='RAW')

Updates many cells at once.

Parameters:
  • cell_list (list) – List of Cell objects to update.
  • value_input_option (str) –

    (optional) How the input data should be interpreted. Possible values are:

    RAW
    The values the user has entered will not be parsed and will be stored as-is.
    USER_ENTERED
    The values will be parsed as if the user typed them into the UI. Numbers will stay as numbers, but strings may be converted to numbers, dates, etc. following the same rules that are applied when entering text into a cell via the Google Sheets UI.

    See ValueInputOption in the Sheets API.

Example:

# Select a range
cell_list = worksheet.range('A1:C7')

for cell in cell_list:
    cell.value = 'O_o'

# Update in batch
worksheet.update_cells(cell_list)
update_index(index)

Updates the index property for the worksheet.

See the Sheets API documentation for information on how updating the index property affects the order of worksheets in a spreadsheet.

To reorder all worksheets in a spreadsheet, see Spreadsheet.reorder_worksheets.

New in version 3.4.

update_note(cell, content)

Update the content of the cell pointed by cell.

Param:str cell A string with a cell coordinates in A1 notation, e.g. ‘D7’.
Param:str note The text note to insert.
update_title(title)

Renames the worksheet.

Parameters:title (str) – A new title.
updated

Deprecated since version 2.0.

This feature is not supported in Sheets API v4.

url

Worksheet URL.

class gspread.models.Cell(row, col, value='')

An instance of this class represents a single cell in a worksheet.

address

Cell address in A1 notation.

col

Column number of the cell.

input_value

Deprecated since version 2.0.

This feature is not supported in Sheets API v4.

row

Row number of the cell.

value = None

Value of the cell.

Utils

gspread.utils

This module contains utility functions.

gspread.utils.rowcol_to_a1(row, col)

Translates a row and column cell address to A1 notation.

Parameters:
  • row (int, str) – The row of the cell to be converted. Rows start at index 1.
  • col – The column of the cell to be converted. Columns start at index 1.
Returns:

a string containing the cell’s coordinates in A1 notation.

Example:

>>> rowcol_to_a1(1, 1)
A1
gspread.utils.a1_to_rowcol(label)

Translates a cell’s address in A1 notation to a tuple of integers.

Parameters:label (str) – A cell label in A1 notation, e.g. ‘B1’. Letter case is ignored.
Returns:a tuple containing row and column numbers. Both indexed from 1 (one).
Return type:tuple

Example:

>>> a1_to_rowcol('A1')
(1, 1)
gspread.utils.a1_range_to_grid_range(name, sheet_id=None)

Converts a range defined in A1 notation to a dict representing a GridRange.

All indexes are zero-based. Indexes are half open, e.g the start index is inclusive and the end index is exclusive: [startIndex, endIndex).

Missing indexes indicate the range is unbounded on that side.

Examples:

>>> a1_range_to_grid_range('A1:A1')

{‘startRowIndex’: 0, ‘endRowIndex’: 1, ‘startColumnIndex’: 0, ‘endColumnIndex’: 1}

>>> a1_range_to_grid_range('A3:B4')
{'startRowIndex': 2, 'endRowIndex': 4, 'startColumnIndex': 0, 'endColumnIndex': 2}

>>> a1_range_to_grid_range('A:B')
{'startColumnIndex': 0, 'endColumnIndex': 2}

>>> a1_range_to_grid_range('A5:B')
{'startRowIndex': 4, 'startColumnIndex': 0, 'endColumnIndex': 2}

>>> a1_range_to_grid_range('A1')
{'startRowIndex': 0, 'endRowIndex': 1, 'startColumnIndex': 0, 'endColumnIndex': 1}

>>> a1_range_to_grid_range('A')
{'startColumnIndex': 0, 'endColumnIndex': 1}

>>> a1_range_to_grid_range('1')
{'startRowIndex': 0, 'endRowIndex': 1}

>>> a1_range_to_grid_range('A1', sheet_id=0)
{'sheetId': 0, 'startRowIndex': 0, 'endRowIndex': 1, 'startColumnIndex': 0, 'endColumnIndex': 1}
gspread.utils.cast_to_a1_notation(method)

Decorator function casts wrapped arguments to A1 notation in range method calls.

gspread.utils.absolute_range_name(sheet_name, range_name=None)

Return an absolutized path of a range.

>>> absolute_range_name("Sheet1", "A1:B1")
"'Sheet1'!A1:B1"

>>> absolute_range_name("Sheet1", "A1")
"'Sheet1'!A1"

>>> absolute_range_name("Sheet1")
"'Sheet1'"

>>> absolute_range_name("Sheet'1")
"'Sheet''1'"

>>> absolute_range_name("Sheet''1")
"'Sheet''''1'"

>>> absolute_range_name("''sheet12''", "A1:B2")
"'''''sheet12'''''!A1:B2"
gspread.utils.is_scalar(x)

Return True if the value is scalar.

A scalar is not a sequence but can be a string.

>>> is_scalar([])
False

>>> is_scalar([1, 2])
False

>>> is_scalar(42)
True

>>> is_scalar('nice string')
True

>>> is_scalar({})
True

>>> is_scalar(set())
True
gspread.utils.filter_dict_values(D)

Return a shallow copy of D with all None values excluded.

>>> filter_dict_values({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': None})
{'a': 1, 'b': 2}

>>> filter_dict_values({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 0})
{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 0}

>>> filter_dict_values({})
{}

>>> filter_dict_values({'imnone': None})
{}
gspread.utils.accepted_kwargs(**default_kwargs)
>>> @accepted_kwargs(d='d', e=None)
... def foo(a, b, c='c', **kwargs):
...     return {
...         'a': a,
...         'b': b,
...         'c': c,
...         'd': kwargs['d'],
...         'e': kwargs['e'],
...     }
...

>>> foo('a', 'b')
{'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': 'c', 'd': 'd', 'e': None}

>>> foo('a', 'b', 'NEW C')
{'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': 'NEW C', 'd': 'd', 'e': None}

>>> foo('a', 'b', e='Not None')
{'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': 'c', 'd': 'd', 'e': 'Not None'}

>>> foo('a', 'b', d='NEW D')
{'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': 'c', 'd': 'NEW D', 'e': None}

>>> foo('a', 'b', a_typo='IS DETECTED')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: foo got unexpected keyword arguments: ['a_typo']

>>> foo('a', 'b', d='NEW D', c='THIS DOES NOT WORK BECAUSE OF d')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: foo got unexpected keyword arguments: ['c']

Auth

gspread.auth

Simple authentication with OAuth.

gspread.auth.local_server_flow(scopes, port=0)

Run an OAuth flow using a local server strategy.

Creates an OAuth flow and runs google_auth_oauthlib.flow.InstalledAppFlow.run_local_server. This will start a local web server and open the authorization URL in the user’s browser.

Pass this function to flow parameter of oauth() to run a local server flow.

gspread.auth.console_flow(scopes)

Run an OAuth flow using a console strategy.

Creates an OAuth flow and runs google_auth_oauthlib.flow.InstalledAppFlow.run_console.

Pass this function to flow parameter of oauth() to run a console strategy.

Exceptions

exception gspread.exceptions.GSpreadException

A base class for gspread’s exceptions.

exception gspread.exceptions.APIError(response)

How to Contribute

Please make sure to take a moment and read the Code of Conduct.

Ask Questions

The best way to get an answer to a question is to ask on Stack Overflow with a gspread tag.

Report Issues

Please report bugs and suggest features via the GitHub Issues.

Before opening an issue, search the tracker for possible duplicates. If you find a duplicate, please add a comment saying that you encountered the problem as well.

Contribute code

Please make sure to read the Contributing Guide before making a pull request.

Indices and tables